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The method and madness of Bhavish Aggarwal
The Nutgraf is a 10-min newsletter sent at 10 AM IST every Saturday. It connects the dots and synthesizes one big event in business, technology and finance that happened over the week in India. In a way you’ll never forget.
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Just 10 mins longSynthesis not analysisSometimes memes
Ola's two narratives and how its senior level exits may not be a bug but a feature.
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Good Morning Dear Reader,
Back in 2016, all stories about the ride-hailing company Ola were of two types.
The first narrative was that Ola’s days were numbered because of Uber.
2016 was a seismic year for ride-hailing in India. Ola, India’s homegrown startup was locked in an existential battle with Uber, the global juggernaut. This was when Uber was at its most ambitious, expanding into country after country, surprising everyone with a deadly combination of stealth and execution. It was burning close to a billion dollars annually in China. And much more in the rest of Asia. It was unstoppable.
As a response, in the face of Uber’s onslaught, the rest of the world created a global alliance of local ride-hailing companies to take on Uber.
Didi from China. Lyft from the US. Grab from Southeast Asia. And Ola from India. All banded together to collaborate to take on Uber. Didi even invested $30 million dollars in Ola as a show of faith and support.
Travis Kalanick, the CEO and founder of Uber, was asked about the alliance when he visited India in 2016. He dismissed it as a group of people who have no common purpose and suggested that the most they could do was have ‘coffee on Sundays’.
Then something strange happened in mid-2016.
Uber decided to exit the China market. It didn’t just leave China, it became one of Didi’s largest shareholders, picking up a significant stake in the company...indirectly becoming a shareholder in Ola.
If you go back to our archives, you’ll find a story written after this turn of events. My colleague, Rohin argued that this move was effectively the end of the anti-Uber alliance, and that this had left Ola cornered in India with nowhere to go.
Here are the closing words from his story.
Up till now, Ola has been a hard-charging, gritty competitor to Uber in India. Against all odds it has fought to maintain its leadership and refuse to be cowed down by Uber’s aggression, dirty tricks (the company is a past-master at those) and almost infinite funding.
But as things stand today, the future appears very bleak for Ola. There are no easy markets for it to expand into, whether domestic or foreign. No potential buyers, especially after a valuation round of $5 billion. No investors with the patience to wait for an exit, whenever it comes, or the stomach to fight a bruising battle with Uber.
Much as we hate to say it, it’s endgame Ola.
Endgame Ola, The Ken
That was the first narrative. Ola won’t survive because it had a deadly, external threat.
The second narrative was that Ola had another serious problem—there was a steady stream of senior executives leaving the firm. A pattern was starting to emerge. People joined, and quickly left.
A digital publication named Factor Daily was one of the first to draw attention to the problem. The story brought out several things that Ola was dealing with, but most notably, it pointed this out.
An Ola engineer, on condition of anonymity, showed me instances of “goodbye emails” from colleagues when I asked him if attrition was a big issue. “Instead of talking about attrition rates, let me show you the search results for “goodbye,” he said, pointing at his mobile screen, which threw up a few dozen such emails.
Ola’s culture problem, Factor Daily
Stories about Ola’s work culture were fairly well-known, both in media reports and in the whisper network—how it was unforgiving, how the company was rudderless, tightly controlled from the top, with rigid micromanagement.
That was the second narrative. Ola is a difficult place to work and succeed in the long-term.
One narrative putting forward the idea that Ola wouldn’t survive because of an external threat, and the other putting forward the story that it wouldn’t because of an internal problem. In many ways, the thinking was that one fueled the other. Ola had a steady stream of exits, which prevented it from becoming stable and competitive, and this is why it would never succeed against Uber—a meaner, more assured competitor.
Cut to 2021.
Uber is cowed down in India. It’s less ambitious, more careful and circumspect. Ola didn’t just fight Uber. It fought well, and by some counts, it even won. Ola expanded into multiple verticals — including food, FinTech others. Finally, last year, Ola created another company, Ola Electric, which is also valued at over a billion dollars.
I know what you are thinking. Ola saw the problem. It woke up. It fixed its culture, hired smart people and retained them. It created a dynamic culture of excellence and innovation, and that’s what enabled it to fight and defeat Uber.
What if I told you that Ola’s steady stream of exits didn’t just slow down, but accelerated?
The Ken published a story in 2017 titled ‘Bhavish’s council of Ministers’, where we detailed the people who were closest to Bhavish Aggarwal, the CEO of Ola. Here’s what the chart looks like —it’s a combination of people who work at Ola and his informal advisors.
If you exclude the advisors, in three short years, not a single person on this chart is still working at Ola. The last person, Pranay Jivrajka, announced his departure this week. This isn’t specific to Ola. In Ola Electric, too, not one person who was a part of the founding leadership team (save Aggarwal) still remains with the company.
And yet, Ola continues to not just grow, but thrive.
How did this happen?
If you ask me, the answer lies with Bhavish Aggarwal.
The CEO who took on SoftBank
The really abridged version of Ola’s history goes something like this.
Ola started off as a ride-hailing company, then briefly flirted with becoming a food-delivery company after acquiring Foodpanda. It even tried its hand at FinTech, by creating a wallet called Ola Money, and content creation through Ola Play.
All of this went to another level when it found itself funded by SoftBank, one of the mightiest venture capital firms in the world. This catapulted Ola to unicorn status, and it looked like nothing could stand in its way.
There was one problem though—SoftBank wasn’t just an investor in Ola. It was also an investor in Uber. And SoftBank didn’t see why it needed to back two horses when one would do. To ensure that they prevailed, SoftBank was determined to acquire a controlling stake in Ola. So they offered Bhavish Aggarwal a billion dollars towards an investment into his company.
In 2018, Bhavish Aggarwal did something no CEO in the world had done to SoftBank.
Japan’s SoftBank Group Corp. is in the midst of a boardroom battle with Bhavish Aggarwal, co-founder and chief executive of cab-hailing firm Ola, according to two people familiar with the matter.
Late last year, Ola co-founder and chief executive Bhavish Aggarwal blocked a proposed deal involving Tiger Global Management selling part of its stake to SoftBank, the people cited above said, requesting anonymity. A few months earlier, Ola had changed its articles of association (AoA) to include a clause to prevent SoftBank from buying more shares in Ola without approval from the company’s founders and board.
After Aggarwal blocked the proposed deal, Tiger Global partner Lee Fixel resigned from Ola’s board.
Ola boardroom row pits SoftBank against Bhavish Aggarwal, LiveMint
One year later, Bhavish Aggarwal founded Ola Electric.
He raised $250 million for it, making it one of the fastest unicorns in India.
The investors?
SoftBank and Tiger Global.
Yeah. Ola isn’t an ordinary company, and it’s safe to conclude that Bhavish Aggarwal is no ordinary CEO.
Ola Electric continued where Ola left off. First the company was focused on building an ecosystem of batteries. Then it moved to four-wheeler vehicles. And now finally, it ditched all these plans, Bhavish Aggarwal took over, and we have the current incarnation of Ola Electric.
Aggarwal is betting heavily on replicating Tesla’s success. Ola Electric is reportedly spending Rs 2,400 crore (US$329.2 million) on the 500-acre facility. It will house an Ola-operated battery-manufacturing unit, with room left over for buildings to house around 50 hardware vendors. While excavators and earthmovers are still preparing the site for construction, Aggarwal claims the facility will be up and running by June. By this point—termed phase 1 by the company—it will have a capacity of two million scooters a year.
By the same time the following year, the factory’s capacity is expected to be 10 million units annually. At its zenith, it will be the world’s largest scooter factory.
The speed breakers in Ola Electric’s path to 10 million scooters a year, The Ken
Oh, and along the way, Ola Electric went through a familiar problem.
When people look at Ola, they see a company floundering. That’s true if you look at it as a traditional company, in a regular sector, trying to gain mastery in a single area, and then slowly proliferate across sectors.
But what if Ola is none of those things?
What if the only path that Ola sees towards success if not by doing one thing well and getting better at it over time, but by doing many things at once—all very quickly, and then doubling down on a few things when it believes that it has found something valuable?
Maybe this is why Ola stumbles from one thing to another, in quick succession. First it’s a ride-hailing company, then it’s also a food delivery company, then a media company, then a transportation company, then a FinTech company, a battery company, an electric vehicle manufacturer, and...also a lending company (because everyone is a lending company).
What if Bhavish Aggarwal believes that this is the key to Ola’s success? Maybe Ola is a company that’s falling through the sky and is desperately deploying parachute after parachute really quickly before it hits the ground.
Put yourself in Bhavish Aggarwal’s shoes. If this is your reality, then do you have the luxury of creating a consensus with those closest to you? Or the inclination to sell your vision to your team?
Or would you just build, build, build, and just push away anyone who got in your way? Even if it’s the people closest to you—which includes people you’ve hired yourself to get the job done?
What if all that matters is the end and not the means?
Bhavish Aggarwal is not a person who gives a lot of interviews, so it’s hard to understand what he’s really thinking. Unlike Elon Musk, a CEO who has a similar leadership style, he rarely uses Twitter. In fact, his account has about 25 tweets the whole of last year, mostly anodyne messages about product launches.
Basically, it’s hard to tell what’s on his mind and how he works.
That’s why, my favourite story about him is from another story by Factor Daily, published in 2019. To the best of my knowledge, it remains the definitive read about him as a person and a leader. In it, there’s a story that caught my attention.
Aggarwal has come a long way since the early days of Ola, when he was a green-behind-the-ears, rookie founder. In many ways, his earliest meetings with potential investors helped shape him into a tough-as-nails, no-nonsense, thick-skinned founder, say people aware of his thinking.
Many valuable lessons were gleaned from those meetings. A particular one from 2012 stands out – one where Aggarwal found himself on the backfoot stumped by an innocuous question.
Ola then was moving to Mumbai and Aggarwal had decided it was time to bring some new names to the company’s cap table. He needed to expand the 20-member team and get a bigger office. After all, he often had to man calls to Ola’s service desk from customers, according to an early employee.
Aggarwal, along with Bhati started approaching a number of potential new backers, including the likes of Matrix Partners.
In one such meeting Aggarwal found himself in an awkward position, unable to answer a seemingly straightforward question from a potential investor.
“What is Ola’s current org structure? How many people do you have reporting into you,” asked the investor.
Aggarwal, as the story was recounted to us, didn’t know what “org structure” meant. Till that point, he had run Ola as a typical small business – with no formal structures and processes in place. He quickly Googled what “org structure” meant when the investor was distracted taking a call, a person present at the meeting, requesting anonymity, told FactorDaily
Bruised, weaker, but Ola’s Bhavish Aggarwal stands almost tall, Factor Daily
Maybe Bhavish Aggarwal is just making it up as he goes along. And if you are at Ola, you are welcome to go along with him for the ride.
That’s both his method, and his madness.
That's about it from me. Here's the link to this newsletter if you'd like to share it.
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